Interference is a more rarely observed phenomenon in the nature, but it is essential to understand for the double-slit experiment. It occurs when two (or more) waves meet at one point in space. These two waves come from the same source, subject to other conditions (spatial and temporal coherence in particular, that will not be detailed here).
To understand what interference is, we will use mathematical formalism and notions of physical optics. If you are not familiar with it, we advise you to go straight to the conclusion.
Let's consider two periodic waves, sinusoidal, harmonic vibrations of the same frequency, coming from the same source. We can put them in the form:
With
the pulse of the wave,
and
les phases à l’origine, \(\lambda\)
la longueur d’onde dans le vide
and
the optical paths of the two waves. The optical path corresponds to the path taken by the wave multiplied by the index of the medium. If the index depends on the position, then it is expressed as an integral of the index according to the path taken.
The intensity I(M) is the temporal average value of the wave power at a point M in space. Note < s(t) > the temporal mean value of the signal s(t). Assuming that the power is proportional to the square of the vibration, we have, at a point M where the two waves meet:
is the so-called step difference (or optical path difference) at point M, and
is the phase shift between the two waves at point M.
We can therefore see that the intensity varies according to the phase shift, which depends on the point in the space under consideration. Thus, we will observe in space of minimum and maximum intensity. To take the example with water waves, Figure 2 shows a simulation of interference. These are diffracted through each of the two openings and then meet again. The two openings are secondary sources: in reality, the waves do come from the same source offshore. We have what we call a wavefront splitting interference phenomenon. The wavefront designates an area of equal phase values of the wave. Here, the wavefront is divided because one part passes through the left opening while the other part passes through the right opening. part passes through the opening on the right.